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Backflow protection and the five fluid categories

The five fluid categories and why the air gap gives the highest protection.

Diagram of the five fluid risk categories used for backflow protection, from category 1 wholesome water to category 5 serious health hazard, alongside an air gap schematic showing the outlet held above the spill-over level of a vessel as the highest level of protection.
Backflow fluid categories and air gap diagram

Backflow is when used or contaminated water flows the wrong way into the supply. The risk is graded into five fluid categories, from category 1 (wholesome water, fit to drink) up to category 5 (a serious health hazard such as faecal or other pathogenic matter).

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