The components, pressures and trade-offs that separate sealed from open-vented heating at Level 3.
Open-vented systems
An open-vented heating circuit uses a feed and expansion (F&E) cistern positioned high enough to provide the required static head. It is often in a loft, but that location does not define the system. The cistern supplies make-up water and accommodates expansion; the open vent provides the specified path to atmosphere. Protect exposed cisterns and pipework against freezing and arrange the feed, vent and pump as the appliance instructions require.
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